For example, in the northern hemisphere, glacial ice sheets have covered substantial areas of suitable habitat, forcing many species into small refugial pockets. The effects of Quaternary glaciations differ widely across regions. Quaternary glacial cycles have shaped present species distributions and patterns of population differentiation across the globe. Global cooling cycles have likely had strongly different impacts on tropical montane areas versus boreal and temperate latitudes, leading to population expansions in the former and serious fragmentation in the latter. The remarkable synchronous timing of population expansions of all three species demonstrates the importance of global cooling cycles in expanding highland habitat. Despite species-specific differences in elevational preference, we found limited differentiation within each scrubwren species, but detected a strong genomic signature of simultaneous population expansions at 27-29 ka, coinciding with the onset of the LGM. Wilhelm, the highest mountain of Papua New Guinea. We analyzed thousands of genome-wide DNA markers across an assemblage of three closely related understorey-inhabiting scrubwrens ( Sericornis and Aethomyias Aves) from montane forest along an elevational gradient on Mt. However, relatively less is known about the effects of cooling cycles on tropical biota. Global cooling cycles, such as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), are known to have fragmented the ranges of higher-latitude fauna and flora into smaller refugia, dramatically reducing species ranges. Quaternary climate fluctuations are an engine of biotic diversification.
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